A Study on Celebrity Cosmetic Brand Content Analysis and Social Media Engagement: In The Case of Fenty Beauty’s Product

The cosmetic industry has seen an explosive growth in the past few years. Although many beauty conglomerates are leading the forefront of the global cosmetics industry, the beauty standards by them set are usually Eurocentric in nature. However, rapid changes with Fenty Beauty first appearance in cosmetic industry. The brand took the world by storm when they introduced an idea that resonated with a large community of makeup enthusiasts. Despite being in its infancy stage, the brand has made plenty of ripples to change the industry for the better through its inclusivity approach. The present study aims to gain a greater understanding on the brand’s social media engagement with their followers on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube as well as classifying the brand’s followers according to the social identity theory. Qualitative content analysis was applied in the present study to gain a better understanding of Fenty Beauty’s social media engagement efforts with their followers. The coding scheme implemented is adopted of Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) Model to study how followers of the brand react to social media posts made by Fenty Beauty. The findings of the present study will be useful to the cosmetic industry as it will proof the potential of social media as a powerful marketing tool. The findings of the present research will be beneficial to companies in the cosmetic industry and marketing practitioners provides an insight as to what motivates online users to engage and interact with a brand.


INTRODUCTION
The cosmetic industry has seen an explosive growth in the past few years. According to Reuters, global cosmetics products market is predicted to reach USD 805.61 billion by the year 2023 (Reuters, 2018). The growth of the industry is attributed to the demand of beauty and personal care products, due to an upsurge in the aging population (PR Newswire, 2018). Additionally, the growth of global market economies, rising demands of skin products and evolving lifestyles, is due to the substantial rise in disposable incomes over the past decade (Rajput, 2016). On September 2017, Fenty Beauty by Rihanna was born amidst the chaos of New York Fashion Week (Abouarrage, 2017). Searches for the word "fenty" accelerated by 916% during the month of the launch (Bailis, 2017). Fenty Beauty's Instagram account was able to reach 10.41% fan engagement while most beauty brands have a 1% engagement rate on average (Sharma, 2018).
Fenty Beauty's engagement efforts towards their followers are commendable, even though the brand is only at its infancy stage. The brand consistently curates' posts to be shared on various online platforms. The brand's marketing team is credited for creating social media content that users find relatable and enticing (Wall, 2019). These days, great significance is put on a brand's social media presence. Great adoptions of advancements of the Internet, mobile technologies and social media have resulted in high levels of customer-brand engagements (Wirtz, 2013). Therefore, the present study purposes to gain a greater understanding on the brand's social media engagement efforts with their followers on Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube. The present study draws on social identity theory to learn about how followers of a brand are classified by studying their interaction with the brand.

Figure 1: Proposed Conceptual Framework with Adopted Theories Guiding the Study
The IPA model has been modified and utilized in various journal articles to study online social interactions (i.e. Online and Face-to-Face Group Interaction Processes Compared Using Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) by Fahy (2006) and The Role of Emotions in Online Information Seeking and Sharing: A Case Study of Consumer Awareness by Savolainen (2015). Nevertheless, the IPA model have almost never been within the cosmetics industry. Limited qualitative studies on the cosmetic industry were conducted from a social media engagement angle. Social Media, Social Me: A Content Analysis of Beauty Companies' Use of Facebook in Marketing and Branding, analysed the type of content beauty companies post on their Facebook page and studied the brand's engagement with their followers (Shen & Bissell, 2013). Besides, only few researches have been conducted about the present brand (Zelealem, 2017;Walters, 2018).
The final proposed conceptual framework for the present study integrates the theoretical framework and proposed conceptual framework. The data collected from four social media platforms will be recorded and tabulated. The data will then be categorized and identified into their respective codes. A comparison of the data will be conducted, and the followers' reaction are categorized as in-group or out-group. Objectives of the present study withdrawn from the framework of Figure 1

LITERATURE REVIEW
The rise of the cosmetic industry has led many celebrities to jump on the opportunity to create a makeup line or brand of their own. Celebrities such as Rosie Huntington- Whiteley  While some celebrities starting a makeup line with the help of a cosmetic company, others favor creating their own beauty brand from scratch. Reality TV star Kylie Jenner began her creative venture into the industry when she released the Kylie Cosmetics Lip Kit line in 2015 which sold out within minutes of its release online (Shi, 2018). Since then, Kylie has released plenty of other makeup products through her brand. As of 2017, the brand is reportedly valued at $800 million (Robehmed, 2018).
The digital shift in customer engagement is incredibly profound and has changed the cosmetic industry for good. According to Suzy Ross, senior advisor at Accenture, brand owners these days prioritize building a direct relationship with their customers and usually place their customers at the heart of the product experience (Simpson & Craig, 2018).
Beauty brands engage their followers through bite-size makeup tutorials that shows off their beauty products and encourages UGC which creates organic ads to capture new customers (Barnhart, 2018). Social media influencers are hired by beauty brands as they influence the buying behaviour of big groups of people by voicing their opinions on a brand's product (Forbes, 2016). Premium cosmetic brands struggle when consumers prefer to purchase improved mass-market products due to the transparencies enabled by social media. This affects the sales of premium cosmetic brands and force them to partner with tech companies to meet the digital needs of the younger generation (Coady, 2018).
A wide spectrum of factors influences followers to interact and engage with the brands they are interested in. Six factors were identified that played a part in encouraging followers' interaction; vividness and variety of online content, brand interactivity, description of a product, information enriched with entertaining features and novelty of content posted (Farook & Abeysekara, 2016). Due to the shift in the communication model being dominated by followers, some marketers think that it weakens mass marketing because posts need to be presented in a personal way to target every consumer's wants and needs (Constantinides, 2009). Annoyance with social media content may negatively affect followers' evaluation of the brand during their purchasing process (Hutter, Hautz, Dennhardt, & Füller, 2013).
Instagram is considered as a notable engagement tool due the application's engagement rate of brands (measured by comments, likes and shares made by users) is at 4.2%, making it 10 times higher than Facebook and 84 times more than Twitter (Phillips, 2018). Instagram offers brands and companies the opportunity to reflect on a posting by encouraging the usage of hashtags (Bergström & Bäckman, 2013). Brands that use the application to build an emotional bond with their following are most likely to have a profitable relationship with their consumers (Gong, 2014). Some marketers struggle to produce interesting content and may find it challenging to compete with bigger brands (Jaakonmäki, Müller, & vom Brocke, 2017). Some brands may also face the issue of Instagram Shadowban, which occurs when posts made by a brand do not appear in the search results, causing the brand to receive a lower engagement rate (Triberr, 2018.).
Twitter acts as a prominent channel that relies on topical content to relate to an audience and the usage of hashtags stimulates brand conversation with followers online (Soboleva, Burton, & Khan, 2015). The platform's simple mobile interface is great for engagement and helps users instantly reach large audiences (Mueller, n.d.). Some brands may face challenges in leveraging the conversations to their own purposes. Social media is deemed as a "doubleedged sword" because social media can build and destroy a brand's credibility and reputation instantaneously (Odhiambo & Adhiambo, 2012). Some brands resist from investing in social media engagement as they are unable to see the quantifiable ROIs of Twitter (Eckstein, 2018). Hence, some brands may think Twitter is not a worthy investment.
Despite the platform's bad press and seemingly back-to-back privacy scandals in the past year, Facebook's company earning sheet for Q4 2018 shows that the SNS has exceeded its revenue expectations and has seen improved user growth (Gartenberg, 2019). It was found that informative and entertaining content were able to significantly increase engagement level (Cvijikj & Michahelles, 2013). Through the responses, likes and comments, users are inadvertently creating social media content for brands and facilitating interaction for other users (Dolan, Conduit, Fahy, & Goodman, 2016). Organic reach on the platform had declined dramatically over the last few years which forces many to question the viability of organic posting (Eckstein, 2018). Another challenge is the general trend of consumer dynamics to mostly observe as a small percentile of these users will actively participate in conversations (Mazza & Palermo, 2018).
Many brands these days prefer to have a better organic reach with their target demographic through YouTube (Marshall, 2014). Since YouTube has a comparatively longer video format than Twitter and Facebook, is easier for brands to convey information about themselves, even though the video's main focus is on the user (Smith, Fischer, & Yongjian, 2012). The platform maybe facing some challenges due to Instagram's newest video feature. With the launch of Instagram Live and IGTV, Instagram's latest feature was made available as a standalone app (Newton, 2018). According to a survey by State of Video Marketing 2018, 41% of marketers have used Instagram videos and out of those who used it, 78% of them had found it to be an effective strategy (Wyzowl, 2018).
The IPA Model was introduced by an American social psychologist by the name of Robert Freed Bales who pioneered the systematic technique of group observations as well as a way of gaging the interaction process (Smith, 2008). The purpose of the IPA model is to enable the author to recognize and record the nature of each act, in accordance to the model (Savolainen, 2015). The model has been utilized and tested in online communication environments. A study used the IPA as a basis to content-analyse tweets made by media organizations and the results show that the media organizations posted tweets that were more task-oriented than socioemotional (Zhang, Tao, & Kim, 2018;Lin & Peña, 2011). However, the model has been criticised for being unable to mediate input and output states of group interactions due to appropriateness of existing methodologies for measuring group process in task-oriented groups and general issues of research strategy (Hackman & Morris, 1975).
Content analysis is described as technique of analysing verbal, written or messages communicated visually (Cole, 1988). The term is also defined as a research method of collecting data and making transposable as well as valid inferences to its context (Krippendorff, 2018). The purpose of the research method is to attain the outcome of an analysis based on concepts describing the phenomenon and it is carried out to build upon an existing model (Elo & Kyngäs, 2008). The research process requires the researcher to carry out the analysis based on the rules formulated and the researcher typically analyses the data with no selective insights and biased preconceived notions on the matter discussed (Kassarjian, 1977).
The company is operated by Rihanna and her team, made up of her closest group of friends as well as business partners (Levy, 2018). Under the brand's umbrella, Rihanna has multiple business and projects that are operated under the trademark of "Fenty". Fenty Puma's extensive fashion line was introduced in 2016 and it featured athleisure-styled streetwear and sneakers (Nnadi, 2016).
Another well-known Fenty endeavor, Savage x Fenty, was launched in May 2018 and featured 90 pieces of accessories, lingerie and sleepwear, available in various colours and sizes (Hu, 2018). Since its launch, Fenty Beauty has paid great attention to creating a strong online presence. Within the first month, almost 80,000 influential posts about the brand were posted across different platforms (Sharma, 2018). As of June 2019, the brands have over 9,375,000 followers and subscribers across four social media platforms. Fenty Beauty's social media team ensures that the brand's social media account stay active by posting several times a day and almost every day of the week.

METHODOLOGY
Qualitative research method is used in the present study and is defined as a collection of results in non-standardized data demanding classification into categories, based on meanings expressed through words (textual or spoken) and images (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). Content analysis enables the author to detect media users' positive and negative attitudes towards the brand (ibid). It is an unobtrusive form of analysing human interactions, and it provides great insight into the complexities of human thought, language and behaviour (Colorado State University, n.d.). The data collected for the research is primarily collected from the four social media platforms, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube.
Purposive sampling method is utilized to conduct the study. Purposive sampling method is the deliberate choice of a participant, or in the case of this research, data, due to the qualities, it possesses (Etikan, Musa, & Alkassim, 2016). The data sample for the present study was collected from the first five most liked comments of social media posts made on Fenty Beauty's official social media accounts. The duration of 17 March 2019 to 6 April 2019 was selected because the brand had announced that they were restocking a fan favourite product, Body Lava Luminizer on the 21 March 2019 (Fasanella, 2019). The brand had also launched their new line of Sun Stalk'r Instant Warmth Bronzer on 29 March 2019 (Bowenbank, 2019).
The data collection procedure for the present study required the researcher to collect two weeks of social media posts made by the brand, whereby the five most liked comments made on the posts were collected. The researcher screenshots each social media post and tabulates according to the four platforms studied. The following step was to identify the characteristic of the social media posts and tabulate it. Once completed, the findings weill be discussed.
Internet-mediated observation method and Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) Model coding scheme were applied in the present study. Internet-mediated observation requires the researcher to collect data from an online community by mode of observing. (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2016). The coding scheme adopted from Savolainen (2015) coding functions, who used Bales' IPA coding scheme to fit the researcher's requirements (see Table 1).
Based on the data collected, the analysis of the social media posts will be done in accordance to the IPA Model coding scheme. The data will be tabulated and identified according to the twelve codes from the data collected, the findings will be thoroughly explained and analyses to see if Fenty Beauty's online marketing strategy fits the description and characteristics of the social identity theory. Task: attempted answers 4. Gives information, orientation, repeats, clarifies, confirms. 5. Gives opinion, analysis, evaluation, wishes, expresses feelings. 6. Gives suggestions, gives direction, implying autonomy towards others.
Socioemotional: Positive 7. Agrees, shows passive acceptance, understands, concurs, complies with the task. 8. Shows tension release, laughs, jokes or shows satisfaction towards others. 9. Shows solidarity, seems friendly, raises the status of others, offers help and rewards to others.
Socioemotional: Negative 10. Disagrees, shows passive rejection and withholds help. 11. Shows tension, withdraws out of field or asks for help. 12. Shows antagonism, seems unfriendly, deflates other's reputation, defends self in an argument.

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
It was found that most of the engagement carried out by the brand's followers are mostly task-oriented responses. In terms of positive socioemotional responses, follower's mostly showed solidarity. According to Tajfel's explanation of the social identity theory, it is stated that a group's social identity is derived from their knowledge of their social group membership "together with the emotional significance attached to that membership" (Tajfel, 1974;. Thus, Fenty Beauty's followers' reactions to posts on their official Instagram account are identified and categorized as in-group. The follower's reaction to Fenty Beauty's tweets were mostly identified as task-oriented responses. Positive socioemotional responses displayed by the brand's followers mostly showed solidarity. This is the case because followers are most likely to reply with positive socioemotional responses than negative socioemotional responses as they are interested in enhancing their self-presentation on Twitter (Lin & Peña, 2011). In a study conducted to understand how and why people use Twitter, it was found that the application increases chances to maintain connections as well as exchanges social support with followers (Zhao & Rosson, 2009). Conversely, the negative socioemotional responses exhibited by followers mostly show them expressing signs of tension. Followers' of Fenty Beauty mostly demonstrated positive socioemotional responses on Twitter. According to Jenkins (2014), social categorisation produces social identity, which generates social comparison, which ultimately create positive (in-group) or negative (out-group) evaluation of self or group (Jenkins, 2014). Hence, through comparison, Fenty Beauty's followers' reactions to posts on their official Instagram account are categorized as in-group.
The followers' reaction to Fenty Beauty's posts on their official Facebook account are mostly task-oriented responses. According to Amaya (2015), a primary function found when users communicate in groups was the information provided to other members through opinions, suggestions and orientations. In terms of positive socioemotional responses, the brands follower's mostly showed solidarity. In contrast, followers exhibited signs of negative socioemotional responses, mostly identified as showing tension.
Facebook followers' of Fenty Beauty primarily demonstrated positive socioemotional responses. According to a study conducted on organizational socialization through social identity theory, identification of a person is similar to the identification of a group, in a sense that one person partly defines the group in terms of a social referent (Ashforth & Mael, 1989). In addition, the study found that most of the engagement carried out by the brand's followers are mostly to give suggestions. Positive socioemotional responses displayed by the brand's followers were mostly showing solidarity. In contrast, negative socioemotional responses, followers mostly exhibited signs of tension. Although the platform demonstrated more negative than positive responses, the platform may change for the better in the future. A study justified the present findings, given experience and time, computer-mediated environments will be conducive to the exchange of social information, despite the decreased availability of nonverbal cues. People may become more socioemotional and exchange more positive socioemotional online interactions as time goes on (Walther & Burgoon, 1992).
The interactions that occurred on Fenty Beauty's official YouTube account were primarily positive. Most of the followers' interactions were identified as task-oriented responses. In a journal article explaining the social identity theory by Stets and Burke (2000), they believe that the result of self-categorization is an accentuation of resemblances usually occurs when beliefs and values, attitudes and other factors that are thought to be correlated to the group is categorized into one (Stets & Burke, 2000). In this case, since followers mostly demonstrated positive socioemotional, hence, Fenty Beauty's followers' reactions to posts on their official YouTube account are categorized as in-group.
According to the results found in the present study, Instagram has the significantly highest social media engagement with followers. The finding is justified as the brand's official Instagram account has the highest number of followers and number of posts posted. In a study to learn how Instagram is used to market tourism destinations. Hanan and Putit (2013) state that the platform is successful because it is deemed as one of the best most used picture-based social media applications globally. It was observed that all Instagram posts had hashtags based on the product promoted on each post. The use of hashtags help people search for the content they want, and in turn, guarantees a successful relationship between businesses and Instagram. Based on the findings, Instagram is the most effective SNS that accommodates and encourages the interaction between Fenty Beauty and their followers.
The final proposed conceptual framework was modified based on the findings of the present research as per Figure 2. The followers' reaction to Fenty Beauty's posts on their official social media pages demonstrated that most of the interactions that were carried out were primarily positive socioemotional responses.

Figure 2: Modified Final Proposed Conceptual Framework
Therefore, for future research can build upon this research by comparing the social media strategies utilized by other cosmetic brands. Researcher can analyse the best brand to interact with their following to be able to come up with a more precise and comprehensive conclusion by the end of the study. Additionally, future researchers can study how cosmetic brands interact with their followings on other various social media platform. A similar research concept can be adapted by using a quantitative research method. This would allow researchers to receive feedback directly from followers of a brand instantly.
To conclude, the follower's reaction to Fenty Beauty's posts on their official Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube account were mostly task-oriented responses. For Instagram, Twitter and Facebook, followers' mostly demonstrated positive socioemotional responses. YouTube showed results of higher negative socioemotional responses. The followers' of the brand are classified as in-group. Instagram has proven to be the best platform to engage with followers. In brief, Fenty Beauty is a great brand to set as a benchmark when it comes to social media engagement.